City Development Strategies (CDS) in achieving sustainable urban development

CITY

Based on the United Nations (1996-2013) websites, it describes that city is a center of economic and technological growth as well as the cultural. However there are always issues occur in city, for example urban violence, urban poverty, climate change, social unequal, slums, homelessness, health problems, pollution and more due to the impacts of globalization, decentralization of responsibilities and rapid population growth (Cities Alliance, 2005) which all of these will brought effect on the economy, social, environmental.

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT (SUD)

SUD is a concept that response to the city’s challenge (globalization, decentralization of responsibilities and rapid population growth) while resolving the occurred issues in concerning economic, environmental, social and governance role (Malkina-Pykh, 2002).

There are two concepts in SUD which are:-

1.   Urban sustainability or sustainable city that enhances the conservation and preservation of the natural resources with encouraging use of renewable resources so that the city free from environmental issues (Roy, 2009).

2.      Sustainable urban development or sustainable urbanization as a process that achieve balancing in aspects of economic, environmental, social and governance for producing a city that livable, productive, competitive and inclusive (Whitehead, 2003).

CITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES (CDS)

CDS is an urban strategy planning that involved participatory process that planned by local stakeholder in order to achieving their city’s vision, analyse city’s development plan and identify the development priorities (World Bank, 2000) and promote sustainability in cities.  

CDS is flexible and different in each city because it functions depending on the definition, context, location and the stakeholders involved. For instances, below is the different organization that apply different themes.

figure 1: CDS themes by different organization.

WORLD BANK (2000)
Themes	Main Focus
Livability	-Poverty Reduction -Social Equality & Security -Healthy Environment -Political Accountability
Competitiveness	-Attract Investment -Good Business Climate -Promote City Product -Provide Job Employment for Poor -Satisfy Citizens Needs
Good governance & Management	-Citizens Participation -Accountability & Transparency of Government
Bankability	-Sustainable & Adequate Financial Resources -Good Financial Management

figure 2 : CDS themes by The World Bank; 2000.

CITY ALLIANCES (2006)
Themes	Main Focus
Livelihood	-Business Climate & Capacity Creating Small-Business -Urban Competitiveness that Create Economic Cluster -Human Resource Development to Reduce Poverty
Environmental Sustainability and Energy Efficiency	-Environmental Quality, e.g. Air & Water Quality -Service Delivery (Geographical Coverage, Accessibility & Affordability) - Energy Efficient
Spatial Form & Infrastructure	-Sufficiency Of Infrastructure -Urban Form Planning
Financial Resources	-Financial Analysis -Revenue Diversity -Expenditure Regulation -Cash-Flow Management, -Financial Planning & Budgeting
Governance	-Relationship with Decision Makers -Help Low-Income & Vulnerable Group

                                           figure 3 : CDS themes by The Cities Alliance; 2006.

references:

S. Mostafa R., Nurwati B., Mastura J. (2011) City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable

Urbanization in Developing World. Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 36 ( 2012 ) 623 – 631

United Nations (1996-2013). What is a city? 

[Online] Available at: http://www.un.org/cyberschoolbus/habitat/units/un01txt.asp 

—Whitehead, Mark. 2003. (Re) Analyzing the Sustainable City: Nature, Urbanization and the Regulation of Socio-environmental Relations in the UK. Urban Studies 40:1183–1206.

—Cities Alliance. 2006a. 2006 Annual Report.

—Cities Alliance. 2006b. Guide to City Development Strategies: Improving Urban Performance Washington D.C.: The Cities Alliance.

—Malkina-Pykh, Irina G. 2002. Integrated assessment models and response function models: pros and cons for sustainable development indices design. Ecological Indicators 2:93-108.

—Roy, Manoj. 2009. Planning for sustainable urbanization in fast growing cities: Mitigation and adaptation issues addressed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Habitat International 33:276-286. 

The World Bank. (2000). Cities in Transition. Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK.